Notable Events and Notable People

The Jesuits established Red Cloud Indian School in 1888. This followed Red Cloud's persistent requests for Catholic missionaries and the rescinding of federal restrictions on Catholic evangelization. Since then, Jesuits, Sisters of St. Francis, and lay employees (Lakota and non-Lakota) have staffed the school. After the termination of federal funding, the school continued to prosper through private contributions from Saint Katherine Drexel, federal disbursement of tribal funds held in trust, and operation of a ranch.

Catholicism flourished on the reservation during the first half of the 20th century. In most communities, local parishes were organized, each with a catechist, lay sodalities, and an itinerant Jesuit pastor. Annually, the faithful gathered for reservation wide general sodality meetings followed by the statewide Catholic Sioux Congress.

Christian fervor waned after World War II, which has been addressed by revitalization efforts since the 1970s. Parishes were re-organized with more resident (and fewer itinerant) Jesuit and Native priests and deacons, and parish councils. The general sodality meetings and Catholic Sioux Congresses remain popular among the elders. However, many faithful also attend Mini (diocesan) and National Tekakwitha Conferences and have organized parish Kateri Circles.

1888-1889	The school enrollment was about 100 students, grades 1-8; all were boarders who stayed for 10 months.
1889-1890	The federal government began partial funding of the school.
December 1890- January 1891	Red Cloud protected the mission from possible to retaliation following the killing of Sitting Bull at Standing Rock Reservation and the massacre of many Sans Arc and other Indians at Wounded Knee Creek.
1890	Sacred Heart Church was established in Pine Ridge Village.
1891	Pine Ridge Reservation delegates attended their first annual Catholic Sioux Congress at Standing Rock Reservation. The catechetical ministry and the St. Mary and St. Joseph Societies were then organized within the reservation parishes.
1895-1950s	In the Canadian West, Father Albert Lacombe, O.M.I., created the Tableau-Catéchisme (Pictorial Catechism) or "Two Roads" based on Blanchet's L’Éschelle Catholique Historique. Lacombe added color graphics and two paths -- the evil way with a black road and a righteousness way with a red road each replete with corresponding symbols. On South Dakota Indian reservations and elsewhere in the United States and Canada, Catholic missionaries and native catechists used the “Two Roads” together with native language worship publications to the mid-20th century.
1896	Holy Rosary Mission hosted its first Catholic Sioux Congress.
1896-1904	Government school funding decreased gradually and then stopped. More money became available through Katharine Drexel and other Church sources.
1898	The construction is finished on Holy Rosary Church, which has served as the school chapel and a local parish.
1901-1937	Throughout the Pine Ridge Reservation itinerant Jesuits from Holy Rosary Mission established and attended to many chapels and missions, a number of which later became parishes.
1902	The Diocese of Lead was established and included all of South Dakota west of the Missouri River.
1902-1909	Bishop John Stariha (1845-1915) served as the first Bishop of Lead.
1902-1987	Holy Rosary Mission operated a ranch in Nebraska.
1903	A kindergarten was established at the Holy Rosary Mission school.
1904-1905	The school enrollment exceeded 200 students for the first time.
1904-1906	A new wing was added to the girl's dormitory of the school.
1904-1950	Holy man [Nicholas] Black Elk 1863-1950) was baptized on St. Nicholas' Day, December 6th, 1904. He then served as a local catechist and with Reverend Henry Westropp, S.J., he was also active as a missionary to other Northern Plains tribes from 1908-1917.
1906	Holy Rosary Mission hosted a Catholic Sioux Congress.
1906	The first recorded baptism by a catechist was performed by Ivan Star Comes Out.
1906-1935	The government made tribal treaty funds available for school support. These were federally administered funds available on a per capita basis through a petition process.
1907	Among the Jesuits, administration over Holy Rosary Mission transferred from the German Province's Buffalo Mission to the former Turin Province's Rocky Mountain Mission (now consolidated with the Italian Province, Rome, Italy).
1909	Among the Jesuits, administration over Holy Rosary Mission transferred to the California Province (Los Gatos, California).
1910	Jesuits incorporated Holy Rosary Mission as the Pine Ridge Educational Society.
1910-1915	Bishop Joseph Busch (1866-1953) served as the second Bishop of Lead.
1911	Holy Rosary Mission hosted a Catholic Sioux Congress.
1912	Among the Jesuits, administration over Holy Rosary Mission transferred to the Missouri Province (headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri).
1916	Fire at St. Francis Mission (Rosebud Reservation, South Dakota) destroys many Holy Rosary archival records that were stored there.
1916-1948	Bishop John J. Lawler (1862-1948) served as the third Bishop of Lead.
1916-1922	Itinerant Jesuits from Holy Rosary established and attended to Sacred Heart Mission, Santee, Nebraska, which then became an independent mission.
1918	Severe flooding damaged Holy Rosary Mission and its principal buildings were wired for electricity.
1919	The students began to see monthly movies.
1920-1925	Several parishes closed throughout the Pine Ridge Reservation.
1920	Holy Rosary Mission hosted a Catholic Sioux Congress.
1922	Red Cloud Hall was built to serve as the boy's dormitory of the school.
1923	The Sodality of the Immaculate Conception was organized. It was the first sodality organized at the school.
1923-1926	A junior high school was established and then discontinued due to space limitations.
1925	Bob Clifford (Oglala) organized Holy Rosary's first boys' basketball team.
1925-1926	The Holy Rosary Mission School enrollment exceeded 300 students for the first time.
1925-1926	18 Jesuits (6 priests and 12 brothers), 18 Sisters of St. Francis, three lay teachers, 10 catechists, and three other lay employees served the mission, school, and chapels throughout reservation.
1926	Our Lady of Lourdes Mission was established in Porcupine.
1930	The Diocese of Lead became the Diocese of Rapid City, reflecting the change in see cities from Lead to Rapid City.
1931	Holy Rosary Mission hosted a Catholic Sioux Congress.
1931-1937	Our Lady of Lourdes School was opened at Porcupine and became the second Catholic school on the Pine Ridge Reservation.
1931-1937	Our Lady of Lourdes School was staffed by Sisters of the Holy Humility of Mary (Villa Marie, Pennsylvania).
1935-1936	A new gymnasium was constructed at Holy Rosary.
1936	The junior high school was re-established.
1937-1942	Grades nine through twelve were added at the Holy Rosary Mission School.
1937-present	Our Lady of Lourdes School was staffed by Notre Dame Sisters (headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska) and lay teachers.
1938	The enrollment at the Holy Rosary Mission School exceeded 400 students for the first time.
1938	Holy Rosary Mission celebrated its golden anniversary and a Catholic Sioux Congress was held.
1941	Holy Rosary Mission established the High School and created the position of high school principal. The first high school prom was held.
1941-1942	The Holy Rosary Mission School won the South Dakota Catholic High School Basketball Championships.
1947-1948	Holy Rosary again won the South Dakota Catholic High School Basketball Championships.
1942	The Holy Rosary Mission High School received accreditation and the first high school class graduates.
1942	Fire caused extensive damage at Holy Rosary Mission.
1943-1959	Several parishes closed throughout the reservation.
1946	Holy Rosary Mission hosted a Catholic Sioux Congress.
1947-1969	Bishop William T. McCarty (1889-1972), C.Ss.R., served as the fourth Bishop of Rapid City (formerly, Diocese of Lead).
1949	The Jesuits, in cooperation with the Diocese of Rapid City, established Mother Butler Center and St. Isaac Jogues Church in Rapid City, which were administered by Holy Rosary Mission.
1952	Holy Rosary Mission hosted a Catholic Sioux Congress.
1955	Among the Jesuits, administration of Holy Rosary Mission transferred to the Wisconsin Province (Milwaukee, Wisconsin).
1955-1956	The enrollment of the Holy Rosary Mission School exceeded 500 students for the first time.
1955, 1957	The Holy Rosary Mission High School won the Catholic Indian Basketball Championships.
1961	Holy Rosary Mission hosted the 22nd annual meeting of the Tekakwitha Conference.
1963	Holy Rosary Mission hosted a Catholic Sioux Congress.
1964	The Holy Rosary Mission School admitted its first "day students," who went home daily and did not reside in the school dormitories.
April, 1968	As Chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Indian Education, Senator Robert F. Kennedy visited Rosebud and Pine Ridge reservations, including Holy Rosary Mission School.
1968	The Holy See approved the restoration of the permanent diaconate as a ministry for the Church in the United States.
1968	The first Adult Basic Education classes were held at Holy Rosary Mission.
1968	Reverend Theodore Zuern, S.J., established the Red Cloud Indian Art Show.
1968	U.S. Senators Robert Kennedy and George McGovern toured the school and visited with students.
1969-1987	Bishop Harold J. Dimmerling (1914-1987) served as the fifth Bishop of Rapid City.
1969	Holy Rosary Mission, which was legally incorporated as the Pine Ridge Educational Society, was renamed Red Cloud Indian School on December 4th.
1970	The enrollment at Our Lady of Lourdes School exceeded 100 students for the first time.
1971	Red Cloud Indian School phased out dormitories among students in the elementary grades.
1971	Red Cloud Indian School hosted the 32nd annual meeting of the Tekakwitha Conference.
1972	A flood in Rapid City killed Reverend Francis Collins, S.J. and severely damaged the Mother Butler Center and St. Isaac Jogues Church.
1973	The American Indian Movement occupied and destroyed Sacred Heart Church, Wounded Knee, which was rebuilt in the 1980s.
1973	The Office of Superior of the Jesuit Community was separated from the Office of Director of the Mission.
1974	The Diocese of Rapid City established a permanent deaconate program.
1975	The Diocese of Rapid City ordained Steven Red Elk and Reno Richards as deacons. They are the first Native Americans in the United States to be so ordained.
1975	The Red Cloud Indian School, Office of Director, was renamed Office of the President.
1977-1978	The Diocese of Rapid City established the Sioux Spiritual Center, Maphiya Na Maka Okogina ["Between Heaven and Earth"] at Plainview as an administrative and retreat center for the permanent diaconate and Native outreach programs.
1978, 1981, 1982,	The boy's high school basketball team won the Lakota Nation Invitational Basketball Championships for the 1977-1978, 1980-1981,
1989	1981-1982, and 1988-1989 school years.
1970s	Pastors residing at Red Cloud Indian School now serve the parishes in Kyle, Oglala, Porcupine, and Wanblee.
1980	Red Cloud Indian School phased out its remaining dormitories and completed its transformation from a boarding school to a day school.
1982	The Heritage Center was founded to collect, preserve, and exhibit Native American art under director Brother C.M. Simon, S.J.
1983	St. Stephens Church, north of Kyle, held the first Mini-Tekakwitha Conference.
1984	Christ the King Church, Porcupine, held a Mini-Tekakwitha Conference.
1985	Rev. Collins P. Jordan (1917-2004) was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Rapid City. He was the first Oglala Indian in the Diocese to be so ordained.
1985?	The Sisters of St. Francis serving at Red Cloud Indian School, St. Francis Mission (Rosebud Reservation), and in nearby Nebraska towns, merged their communities and formed the Serena Regional Community.
1988-1997	Bishop Charles J. Chaput (1944-, Potawatomi), O.F.M. Cap. served as 6th Bishop of Rapid City, then Archbishop of Denver and Archbishop of Philadelphia. He was the second Native American appointed as a bishop in the United States.
1997-2010	Bishop Blase J. Cupich (1949-) served as 7th Bishop of Rapid City.
1988	Red Cloud Indian School celebrated its centennial year.
1988	Mother Butler Center, Rapid City, held a Mini-Tekakwitha Conference.
1990	The Diocese established an Inculturation Project Office to revitalize the faith among its 14,000 Brulé, Hunkpapa, Oglala, and Sans Arc Indian Catholics.
1992	The Diocesan Inculturation Project Office surveyed 10% of the American Indian Catholics and found 43% under age 18 and less than 20% practicing the Catholic faith.
1992	On behalf of himself and all pre-World War II American Indian catechists in the Diocese, Harry Blue Thunder (Brulé) of the Rosebud Reservation received the Lumen Christi Award of the Catholic Church Extension Society.
1994	A devastating fire destroyed the Holy Rosary Mission Church and damaged other areas.
1996	The Red Cloud High School boy's basketball team won the Class A Boys' High School State Basketball Tournament.
1998	A new Church of the Holy Rosary was built and the Heritage Center was renovated extensively.
1998	A tornado destroyed Our Lady of the Sioux Church and all buildings of the parish in Oglala, which were replaced by a new church, parish hall, youth center, and sisters' residence.
1999-	Red Cloud students began to receive the Gates Millennium Scholarship.
2003	Robert Brave Heart, Sr., became the School's first lay, Lakota superintendent.
2008	In conjunction with the Indiana University American Indian Studies Program, Red Cloud Indian School established its Lakota Language Program to revitalize the living use of the Lakota language and to encourage strong and healthy Lakota identities.
2011	U.S. Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito and federal court justices of the 8th U.S. Circuit Court visited Red Cloud Indian School.
2011-2019	Bishop Robert D. Gruss served as 8th Bishop of Rapid City.
2016	72 Red Cloud students had received the Gates Millennium Scholarship -- the highest per capita of any school in the United States.
2017	The Red Cloud Indian School system serves over 600 Lakota students, K-12. This includes a comprehensive Lakota language curriculum, its support of Lakota cultural identity through The Heritage Center and the Red Cloud Art Show, and its ministry to thousands more through its Catholic parishes.
2020-	Bishop Peter M. Muhich served as the 9th Bishop of Rapid City.

Catholic Religious Communities

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

Sources: The Official Catholic Directory and Catalogs of the German, Missouri, Wisconsin, and combined U.S.A. Provinces of the Society of Jesus. From 1888-1941, the Superior of the Jesuit Community served simultaneously as the Director of Holy Rosary Mission.

Dates Served	Name of Superior (Birth-Death)
1888-1892	Reverend John B. Jutz (1838-1924), S.J.
1892-1895	Reverend P. Florentin Digmann (1846-1931), S.J.
1895-1896	Reverend John B. Jutz (1838-1924), S.J.
1896-1903	Reverend Aloysius Bosche (1852-1903), S.J.
1903-1908	Reverend Mathias Schmitt (1862-1936), S.J.
1908-1916	Reverend Eugene Buechel (1874-1954), S.J.
1916-1920	Reverend Henry Grotegeers (1871-1957), S.J.
1920-1926	Reverend Louis J. Goll (1877-1946), S.J.
1926-1932	Reverend Albert C. Riester (1874-1951), S.J.
1932-1934	Reverend Aloysius J. Keel (1876-1936), S.J.
1934-1936	Reverend Daniel B. McNamara (1895-1986), S.J.
1936-1941	Reverend Martin A. Schiltz (1891-1979), S.J.
1941-1947	Reverend Francis J. Collins (1903-1972), S.J.
1947-1950	Reverend Leo A. Doyle (1895-1981), S.J.
1950-1955	Reverend Harold A. Fuller (1911-1955), S.J.
1955-1963	Reverend Lawrence E. Edwards (1907-1992), S.J.
1963-1965	Reverend Robert W. Lambeck (1917-), S.J.
1965-1968	Reverend Earl J. Kurth (1916-), S.J.
1968-1973	Reverend Ted F. Zuern (1921-2007), S.J.
1973-1979	Reverend Joseph D. Sheehan (1918-1997), S.J.
1979-1985	Reverend Eugene E. Zimmerman (1918-2007), S.J.
1985-1991	Reverend Peter J. Klink (1950-), S.J.
1991-1994	Reverend John M. Paul (1949-), S.J.
1995-1996	Reverend David L. Smith (1953-), S.J.
1996-2002	Reverend William F. Pauly (1947-), S.J.
2002-ongoing	Reverend Patrick Burns (1933-), S.J.

Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity

Sources: House Chronicle of the Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity and The Official Catholic Directory. From 1888-1970, the Superior of the Sisters St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity served simultaneously as the Principal of the Red Cloud Elementary School/Holy Rosary Mission Grade School. In 1985, the communities in Nebraska and South Dakota merged and created the Serena Regional Community.

Dates Served	Name of Superior (Birth-Death)
1888-1900	Reverend Mother Kostka Schlaghecken (1850-1932), O.S.F.
1900-1901	Sister Magdalene, O.S.F.
1901-1907	Reverend Mother Lucia, O.S.F.
1907-1915	Reverend Mother Petra, O.S.F.
1915-1921	Reverend Mother Ludgera Terhegger (1874-1959), O.S.F.
1921-1927	Reverend Mother M. Rosalinde Neuenhofer (1879-1927), O.S.F.
1927-1933	Reverend Mother Ludgera Terhegger (1874-1959), O.S.F.
1933-1938	Reverend Mother Leocadia Stecher, O.S.F.
1938-1939	Sister Bertrand Fleming (1893-1984), O.S.F.
1939-1944	Reverend Mother M. Evarista Carver (1882-1960), O.S.F.
1944-1950	Sister Bertrand Fleming (1893-1984), O.S.F.
1950-1954	Reverend Mother M. Agnesine Hargarten (1913-1985), O.S.F.
1954-1957	Reverend Mother Grace Wohlgemuth (1924-?), O.S.F.
1957-1960	Reverend Mother M. Adeltrude Fries (1897-1978), O.S.F.
1961-1966	Reverend Mother M. Bernard Meyer (1923-), O.S.F.
1966-1969	Sister Helen Borszich (1935-), O.S.F.
1969-1970	Sister Marie Therese Archambault (Hunkpapa, 1939-2007), O.S.F.
1970-1985	Unknown

Sisters of the Humility of Mary

From 1931-1937, the Superior of the Humility of Mary Sisters served simultaneously as the Principal of the Our Lady of Lourdes Grade School. The Humility of Mary Sisters were followed by the Notre Dame Sisters, 1937-unknown.

Dates Served	Name of Superior (Birth-Death)
1931	Sister John Berchmans Bradley (1872-1955), H.M.
1931-1937	Sister Mildred Walsh-Maloney (1885-1950), H.M.

Red Cloud Indian School

Red Cloud Indian School is a private school system comprised of three schools on the Pine Ridge Reservation -- Red Cloud Elementary (Pine Ridge), Our Lady of Lourdes Elementary (Porcupine), and Red Cloud High School (Pine Ridge).

Presidents/Directors, Red Cloud Indian School

Sources: The Official Catholic Directory and Catalogs of the German, Missouri, Wisconsin, and combined U.S.A. Provinces of the Society of Jesus. From 1888-1968, the Superior of the Jesuit Community served simultaneously as the Director of the Red Cloud Indian School/Holy Rosary Mission School. In 1975, The title of Director was changed to President.

Dates Served	Name (Birth-Death)
1888-1968	See list of Jesuit Superiors.
1968-1974	Reverend Theodore (Ted) F. Zuern (1921-2007), S.J.
1974-1976	Reverend Anthony L. Dagelen (1926-), S.J.
1976-1985	Reverend Earl J. Kurth (1916-), S.J.
1985-1991	Reverend Peter J. Klink (1950-), S.J.
1991-1995	Reverend John M. Paul (1949-), S.J.
1995-1998	Reverend William McKenney G. (-1998), S.J.
1995-1999	Sister Patricia Cruise, S.C. (Acting)
1999-2010	Reverend Peter J. Klink (1950-), S.J.
2010-present	Reverend George E. Winzenburg (1945-), S.J.

Superintendents, Red Cloud Indian School

Sources: The Official Catholic Directory and Catalogs of the German, Missouri, Wisconsin, and combined U.S.A. Provinces of the Society of Jesus. The Red Cloud Indian School system established the position of superintendent in 1966.

Dates Served	Name (Birth-Death)
1966-1972	Reverend John F. Bryde (1920-), S.J.
1972-1974	Reverend Gary T. Brophy (1937-1990), S.J.
1974-1976	Reverend Edward D. Mathie (1937-), S.J.
1976-1979	Reverend James J. Strzok (1939-) , S.J.
1979-1983	Reverend Edward D. Mathie (1937-), S.J.
1983-1994	Reverend David G. Matzko (1949-), S.J.
1994-1995	Reverend John M. Paul (1949-), S.J.
1995-1997	Reverend Peter J. Klink (1950-), S.J.
1997-2000?	Reverend Thomas J. Merkel (1962-), S.J.
2000?-2003	Reverend Richard P. (Rich) Abert (1963-), S.J.
2003-2012	Robert Brave Heart, Sr.
2012-present	Theodore L. Hamilton

Principals, Red Cloud Elementary School

Source: The Official Catholic Directory. From 1888-1970, the Superior of the Sisters St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity served simultaneously as the Principal of the Red Cloud Elementary School/Holy Rosary Mission Grade School.

Dates Served	Name (Birth-Death)
1888-1970	See list of Superiors of the Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity.
1970-2000?	Unknown
2000?-2000?	Ms. Barb Calkins
2000?-present	Ms. Jennifer Sierra

Principals, Red Cloud High School

Sources: The Official Catholic Directory and Catalogs of the German, Missouri, Wisconsin, and combined U.S.A. Jesuit Provinces and Holy Rosary Mission/Red Cloud Indian School Records. From 1941-1972, the mission director/superintendent served simultaneously as the principal of Red Cloud High School/Holy Rosary Mission High School.

Dates Served	Name (Birth-Death)
1941-1942	Reverend William J. Fitzgerald (1904-1965), S.J.
1942-1944	Reverend Anthony J. Adams (1908-1994), S.J.
1944-1955	Reverend Lawrence E. Edwards (1907-1992), S.J.
1955-1964	Reverend John F. Bryde (1920-), S.J.
1964-1965	Reverend Paul B. Steinmetz (1922-), S.J. (Acting)
1965-1966	Reverend John F. Bryde (1920-), S.J.
1966-1968	Reverend Lawrence A. Jonas (1921-), S.J.
1968-1970	Reverend Joseph J. Labaj (1921-1985), S.J.
1970-1972	Reverend Hubert Boschert (1937-), S.J.
1972-1974	Sister Sheila Carroll (1928-), O.S.F
1974-1978	Reverend W. Kiley Stolz (1932-), S.J.
1978	Mr. John Lemak (1940-)
1978-1979	Reverend Edward D. Mathie (1937-), S.J.
1979-1990	Mr. Charles Cuny (1946-, Oglala)
1990-1992	Ms. Norma Tibbits (1947-, Oglala)
1992-2001	Mr. Robert Brave Heart (Oglala)
2002-2004	Reverend Thomas A. Simonds (1964-), S.J.
2004-2005	Reverend Paul Coelho, S.J., Ph.D.
2005?-present	Mr. Nicholas Dressell

Principals, Our Lady of Lourdes Elementary School

Source: The Official Catholic Directory.

Dates Served	Name (Birth-Death)
1926-2000s	Unknown
2000s	Ms. Alice Phelps

Associate Pastor/ Administrators, Our Lady of Lourdes Elementary School

Sources: The Official Catholic Directory and Catalogs of the German, Missouri, Wisconsin, and combined U.S.A. Provinces of the Society of Jesus.

Dates Served	Name (Birth-Death)
1926-1936	Reverend Leo C. Cunningham (1888-1965), S.J.
1936-1944	Reverend Louis E. Meyer (1900-1985), S.J.
1944-1950	Reverend William J. Fitzgerald (1904-1965), S.J.
1950-1975	Reverend Leonard J. Fencl (1905-1986), S.J.
1975-1976	Reverend John A. Hennessy (1934-), S.J.
1977-1982	Reverend Anthony L. Dagelen (1926-), S.J.
1982-1997	Reverend Ronald S. Seminara (1944-), S.J.
1997-2002	Reverend James H. Ryan (1937-), S.J.
2002-present	Reverend William F. Pauly (1947-), S.J.

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Oglala Sioux Tribal Presidents who attended Red Cloud Indian High School

Sources: Holy Rosary Mission - Red Cloud Indian School Records, Series 2-2 at Marquette University and the Oglala Sioux Tribe Archives at Oglala Lakota College. Oglala Lakota College maintains a presidential portrait gallery in the Woksape Tipi (Library) at its Piya Wiconi Campus, Kyle, South Dakota. Since the passage of the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934, 35 Oglala Lakota Presidents have served 2-year terms of office from 1935 to 2002. The following presidents attended Red Cloud High School.

Presidential Service	Name (Birth-Death)	Home Community	Graduated from High School
13th President (1957-1960)	James L. Iron Cloud (1950-)	Kyle	1970
15th President (1962-1964)	William Whirlwind Horse (1941-)	Allen	-
22nd President (1976-1978)	Albert W. Trimble (1925?-)	Wanblee	-
26th President (1984-1986)	Newton Cummings (1937-)	Martin	1957

Native Catechists and Prayer Leaders (Oglala laity): First generation

Notable Sources: Stipend lists in Series 3-2 Financial Records, 1928-1931, The Catholic Church among the Oglala People, Historical Notes (1876-1985), 1985, and We Walk By Faith, The Growth of the Catholic Faith in Western South Dakota by Sr. Eleanor Solon, O.S.B., 2002. Data from the Stipend Lists was compiled in 1992 for the Lumen Christi Award Application of the Diocese of Rapid City.

Name (Birth-Death)	Community and Dates Served
[Afraid of] Hawk, Emil	Unknown, 1930-1931, n.d.
Apple
Charlie	Unknown, 1931, n.d.,
	Kyle, 1928-1931, n.d.
Bald Eagle Bear, Peter	Wanblee, 1928-1931, n.d.
Black Elk [Nicholas W., Sr.] (1862-1950)	Oglala, 1907; Manderson, 1907-1914, 1916-1936, Ravinia, Yankton Reservation, 1913-1916
Boyer, John	Unknown, 1928-1931, n.d.
Broken Leg, Moses	Kyle, n.d.
Catches, Paul	Manderson, n.d.
Fast Horse, Phillip	Allen, n.d.
Fast Wolf
Antoine	Pine Ridge, n.d.
Ed	Unknown, 1928-1929, n.d.
Philip	Wounded Knee, n.d.
Tomas	Unknown, 1928-1931, n.d.
Fills the Pipe, Silas	Red Shirt Table, 1928-1931, n.d.
Fool Head, John	Slim Butte, 1928-1931, n.d.
Grass Jr., Jim	Porcupine, 1929-1930, n.d.
Hernandez, Reyes [Raymond?]	Cheyenne Creek, 1928-1931, n.d.
Horn Cloud, Joe	Potato Creek and Slim Butte, n.d.
Iron White Man	Unknown, 1928- 1928, n.d.
Jealous of Him, Oscar [prayer leader]	Lower Medicine Root, 1990s
Long, Dave	Oglala, n.d.
Marrowbone, Ben	Calico, 1928-1931, n.d.
Mesteth	Manderson, n.d.
Mousseaux, Louis P.	Kyle, n.d.
Patton, William	Unknown, 1931-1931, n.d.
Poor Bear, W.	Unknown, 1929-1929, n.d.
Randall, Charles "Charlie"	Oglala, 1931-1931, n.d.
Randall, William "Bill"	Bear Creek, 1928-1931, n.d.
Red Hair, William	Unknown, 1929-1931, n.d.
Red Horn, Albert	Unknown, 1928-1931, n.d.
Red Willow, Joseph	Wanblee, n.d.
Richard, Joseph	Unknown, 1930-1931, n.d.
Slow Bear, John	Oglala, n.d.
Star [Comes Out], Ivan	No Water, 1928-1931, n.d.
Two Two, Alex	1928-1928, n.d.
White Crow, Paul Edward	Oglala, n.d.; Wanblee, 1928-1930, n.d.
Yellow Bull, Tom	Manderson, 1931-1931, n.d.

Native Peramemt Deacons (Diocesan Clergy)

Sources: Diocese of Rapid City and The Official Catholic Directory.

Dates Served	Name (Birth-Death)	Community, Dates Served
1975-1986	Reverend Mr. Stephen Red Elk (Oglala) (1917-1986)	Manderson, Pine Ridge Reservation, 1975-1986.
1975-ongoing	Reverend Mr. Reno Richards (Oglala) (1938- )	Allen, Pine Ridge Reservation, 1975- .
1978-1996	Reverend Mr. Victor Bull Bear (Oglala) (1939-1996)	Kyle and Lower Medicine Root, Pine Ridge Reservation, 1978-1996.
1982-1995	Reverend Mr. Francis Hairy Chin (Hunkpapa) (1916-1997)	Kenel, Standing Rock Reservation, 1982-1991; Rapid City, 1991-1995.
1984-2002	Reverend Mr. Lawrence Whiting (Oglala) (1913-2002)	Kyle, Pine Ridge Reservation, 1984-2002.
1985-ongoing	Reverend Mr. Harold Congdon (Sans Arc) (1949-)	Cherry Creek, Cheyenne River Reservation, 1985-1988; Oglala, Pine Ridge Reservation, 1985-1994;
Dupree, Cheyenne River Reservation, 1994-1998; Parmelee, Rosebud Reservation, 1998-?
1986-ongoing	Reverend Mr. James "Heavy" Garnett (Oglala) (1936-dec.)	Rapid City, 1986-?
1994-ongoing	Reverend Mr. Leroy DeCory (Brulé) (1938- )	St. Francis, Rosebud Reservation, 1994-1995; Rapid City, 1995-ongoing
1995-ongoing	Reverend Mr. Calvin Clifford (Oglala)	Martin, 1995-?

Native Priests (Diocesan Clergy)

Sources: Diocese of Rapid City and The Official Catholic Directory.

Name (Birth Forenames, Birth-Death)

Jordan (Oglala), Reverend Collins "C.P." P. (1917-2004) ordained a diocesan priest in 1985.

Native Sisters

O.S.F. = Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity

S.S.S.F. = School Sisters of St. Francis

Sources: The Catholic Church among the Oglala People, Historical Notes (1876-1985), 1985, and the Sacred Heart Province Archives (Denver, Colorado) of the Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity.

Name (Birth Forenames, Birth-Death)

Archambault (Hunkpapa), Sister Marie Therese (Ida) (1939-2007), O.S.F.

Clifford (Oglala), Sister Bernardette (Anita) (1937-), O.S.F.

Clifford (Oglala), Sister Geraldine (Esther) (1931-), O.S.F.

Cuny (Oglala), Sister Genevieve (Carmilita) (1930-), O.S.F.

McGaa (Oglala), Sister Helena, S.S.S.F.

Mousseau (Oglala), Sister Lucy, S.S.S.F.